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Zeroth Law Of Thermodynamics:
The name Zeroth Law came in picture because all other three laws named First, Second and Third law were discovered earlier and the importance of Zeroth law was visualized as most important and hence can’t be given a number as Fourth Law. To mark the importance of the most basic law of thermodynamic the name Zeroth Law came into existence.
When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other and any one of them separately or combined are in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they all arein thermal equilibrium with each other.
For eg:- If a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B & also separately with a body C then body B & C will be in thermal equilibrium with each other.Zeroth law of thermodynamics is basis of temperature measurement.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Thus power generation processes and energy sources actually involve conversion of energy from one form to another, rather than creation of energy from nothing
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
ΔU: Change in internal energy of the system
ΔQ: Heat transferred into/out of the system
ΔW: Work done by/on the system
Cylinder has area, A. A fluid is admitted at constant pressure, p
p = F/A & Wd = fd … rearrange:
F = pA → Wd = pAd (Ad = volume, V)
→ Wd = pV or ΔWd = pΔV
pV = nRT (Ideal Gas Law)
Boyle’s Law: pV = constant
Adiabatic: no heat flow (ΔQ=0) into or out of a system
For a change in pressure or volume in a system, the temperature loss can be calculated:
p1V1/T1 = p2V2/T2
At high p, low V: adiabatic = value expected for isothermal at high T
At low p, high V: adiabatic cuts isothermal at low T
Equation for adiabatic line:
pVγ = k
γ = Cp/Cv
k= constant
Isovolumetric: p1T1 = p2T2
Isobaric: V1T1 = V2T2
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature gradient: Heat flows from a region of hot temperature to a region of cold temperature
All heat engines give up their energy to a cold reservoir
Qin:heat flow from the hot reservoir to the engine
Qout: heat flow from the engine to the cold reservoir.
Efficiency = W/Qin = (Qin – Qout)/Qin
Limitations to Thermal Efficiency: – in an engine:
Therefore an engine will never work at its theoretical efficiency
THE FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
The third law
Unlike the other laws, the third law is interpreted on the molecular level. It states that all processes in a system will cease to exist at a temperature of absolute zero, or alternatively no system can reach absolute zero. The molecules will stop moving at absolute zero, there will be no energy; this is why no system can reach absolute zero.
ASSIGNMENT : THERMODYNAMICS ASSIGNMENT MARKS : 10 DURATION : 1 week, 3 days