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The law of diminishing returns describes the relationship between output and the variable input when other inputs are held constant.
Definition: If increasing amounts of one input are added to a production process while all other inputs are held constant, the amount of output added per unit of variable input will eventually decrease. It is also known as law of diminishing productivity or the law of variable proportions.
Three stages of production
The classical production function can be divided into three regions or stages, each being important from the standpoint of efficient resources use.
Stage-I occurs when marginal physical product (MPP) > average physical product (APP). APP is increasing throughout this stage, indicating that the average rate at which X is transformed into Y, increases until APP reaches its maximum at the end of Stage-I.
Stage-II occurs when MPP is decreasing and is less than APP but greater than zero. The physical efficiency of the variable input reaches a peak at the beginning of Stage–II. On the other hand physical efficiency of fixed input is greatest at the end of Stage-II. This is because the number of fixed input is constant and therefore the output/ unit of fixed input must be the largest when the total output from the production process is maximum.
Stage-III occurs when MPP is negative. Stage III occurs when excessive quantities of variable input are combined with the fixed input, so much, that total physical product (TPP) begins to decrease.
Economic recommendations & production function analysis: Production function knowledge and the input and output prices information can be used to know the most profitable input and output levels. However, even when price information is not available, some recommendations about the input use can be made from the production function itself.
–II is reached. That is because physical efficiency of variable resources, measured by APP, increases throughout stage –I.
A. Relationship between TPP & MPP
B. Relationship between MPP & APP
So when MP > AP AP↑
MP < AP AP↓
MP = AP AP is at maximum.
Elasticity of production: The elasticity of prodLaw of diminishing returns & the three stages of production AssignmentLaw of diminishing returns & the three stages of production AssignmentLaw of diminishing returns & the three stages of production AssignmentLaw of diminishing returns & the three stages of production Assignmentuction is a concept that measures the degree of responsiveness between output and input. It is independent of the units of measurement.
E = % change in output
p % change in input
E = DY / Y = DY / DX = MPP
p DX / X Y / X APP
Ep > 1 in Stage I
0 £ E p £ 1 stage II
is based on exact MPPs
Ep is negative stage – III
The point of diminishing returns can be defined to occur when MPP =APP that is Ep= 1 (lower boundary of stage II) & this is the minimum amount of variable input that will be used & it occurs when the efficiency of variable input is at its maximum. At the other end, MPP is zero, therefore Ep= 0. Thus the relevant production zone is when O ≤ Ep ≤ 1.
The optimum level of variable input is given by:
ΔX1.PX1 = ΔY. Py or ΔY/ ΔX1. =PX1/ Py
Marginal cost = marginal revenue.
ASSIGNMENT : Law of diminishing returns & the three stages of production Assignment MARKS : 10 DURATION : 1 week, 3 days