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Atom is the smallest electrically neutral particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
An atom consists of a very small and extremely dense region called the nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by negatively and particles called electrons located in shells
-The biggest part of the atom is empty space
-The nucleus contains two types of particles that is proton and neutrons
The nucleus forms most of the mass of any atom. The mass contributed by electrons is very small.
Atomic number Z (proton number)
Therefore atoms of elements are neutral particles because the total charges due to protons counsels out the total charges due to electrons.
Neutral number
This is a number of neutrons in a nucleus of an atom of an element.
Mass number
This is sum of the neutron and proton number of an atom of an element
Mass number, A = proton number + neutron number
ISOTOPES
For example hydrogen consists of 3 isotopes that is protium (ordinary hydrogen), deuterium and tritium
-Neutral no = mass no – atomic number
Chloride
It consists of two isotopes that is:
Chlorine -35
Chlorine -37
Carbon
It has three isotopes that is:
-Carbon -12
-Carbon -13
-Carbon -14
Question
An atom of an element is represented by
4012M
State
40
12
12
10
-12
28
Electronic structure
An electronic structure is a diagrammatic representation of the arrangement of electrons in an atom.
Note
In an atom, electrons are arranged in shells which are at different distances from the center of the atom. The first shell (inner most shell) is called the K shell; it accommodates a maximum of two electrons. The second shell is the L shell and it accommodates a maximum of eight electrons. The next shell is called the M shell and it accommodates a maximum of eight electrons, the fourth shell is the N shell
Examples
Hydrogen [1 electron]
Helium [2 electrons]
Atomic structures and electronic configuration of the following;-
-Metals have a one of the two or three electrons in the outmost shell
-Hydrogen is an expectation because it has one electron in the outmost shell but not metal.
Nonmetals have 4/5/6or seven electrons in the outmost shell.
Examples of metal
-K
-Ca
-Al
-Mg
-Na
-Li
-Boron with configuration of 2:3 has properties of metals and non-metals it is a metalloid
-Elements which have completely filled out most shell are chemically uncreative. They are referred to as noble gas of inactive elements.
Noble gases do not combine with other gases
Valency of combining number
It is the measure of the power of an element to combine with others, it can be determined from electronic structure of atoms. Valency can also be defined as the number of hydrogen atoms. One atom of an element can be combined or displaced.
-Hydrogen is taken as the standard and it has valency ore
Element which have 1or 2 or 3 or 4 out most electrons have a valency which is the same as the number of outer shell electrons
Because it is the number of electrons in the outmost shell
Electropositive element
Is one which form positive ions by losing out shell electrons
-Positive ion is called a cation
-Metals and hydrogen are electoral positive because they form positive ions
For example
1H H+ + e
O
Hydrogen ion (proton)
2Li Li+ + e
2
The size of change is the same as the number of electrons removed
ASSIGNMENT : CHE2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE Assignment MARKS : 10 DURATION : 1 week, 3 days